Ukushoda kwe-semiconductor kukuthinta kanjani?

Ngenxa yalolu bhubhane, ukushoda kanye nezinkinga ze-supply chain kuvale cishe yonke imboni, kusukela kwezokukhiqiza kuya kwezokuthutha.Umkhiqizo owodwa omkhulu othintekile ama-semiconductors, into oyisebenzisa usuku lonke, ngisho noma ungakuqapheli.Nakuba kulula ukuziba lezi zihibe zemboni, ukushoda kwe-semiconductor kukuthinta ngezindlela eziningi kunalokho obungakulindela.

Iyini i-semiconductor, futhi yenziwa kanjani?

Ama-semiconductors, aziwa nangokuthi ama-chips noma ama-microchips, izingcezu zikagesi ezibamba izigidigidi zama-transistors ngaphakathi kwazo.Ama-transistors avumela noma awavumeli ama-electron ukuthi adlule kuwo.Ama-chips atholakala ezinkulungwaneni zemikhiqizo efana namafoni, iziwashi, imishini yezokwelapha, imikhumbi-mkhathi, nezimoto.Asebenza “njengobuchopho” bogesi wethu ngokusebenzisa isofthiwe, ngokukhohlisa idatha, nokulawula imisebenzi.
Ukuze yenziwe, i-chip eyodwa ichitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu ikhiqizwa, ihlanganisa izinyathelo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, futhi idinga izimboni ezinkulu, amagumbi angenalo uthuli, imishini yamadola ayizigidi, ithini elincibilikisiwe, namalaser.Le nqubo kokubili iyisicefe ngokwedlulele futhi iyabiza.Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ngisho nokubeka i-silicon emshinini wokwenza ama-chip, kudingeka indawo yokuhlanza—ihlanzeke kangangokuthi uthuli oluthile lungabangela ukumoshakala kwezigidi zamaRandi.Izitshalo zama-chip zisebenza ngo-24/7, futhi kubiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15 ukwakha imboni yezinga lokungena ngenxa yemishini ekhethekile edingekayo.Ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa yimali, abenzi bamashipa kufanele benze inzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zamaRandi esitshalweni ngasinye.

Igumbi elihlanzekile le-semiconductor elinokukhanya kwe-amber ye-LED evikelayo.Ikhredithi Yesithombe: REUTERS

Kungani kukhona ukushoda?

Izinto eziningi onyakeni nohhafu odlule zihlangene zidale lokhu kushoda.Inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebizayo yokukhiqiza ama-chip ingenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokushoda.Ngenxa yalokho, azikho izitshalo eziningi ezikhiqiza ama-chip emhlabeni, ngakho-ke inkinga efektri eyodwa idala umthelela wokuphazamiseka kuyo yonke imboni.
Kodwa-ke, imbangela enkulu yokushoda kungabangelwa ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19.Okokuqala, izimboni eziningi zavala ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane, okusho ukuthi izinto ezidingekayo ekwenzeni ama-chip bezingekho izinyanga ezimbalwa.Izimboni eziningi ezihilelekile ngama-chips njengokuthumela, ukukhiqiza, nezokuthutha nazo zibhekane nokushoda kwabasebenzi.Ukwengeza, abathengi abaningi babefisa ama-electronics ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuhlala ekhaya kanye nokusebenza-ekhaya, okubangela ukuthi ama-oda adinge ama-chips ukuthi anqwabelene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-COVID ibangele ukuthi amachweba ase-Asia avale izinyanga ezimbalwa.Njengoba u-90% wama-electronics emhlabeni edlula echwebeni lase-Yantian lase-China, lokhu kuvalwa kubangele inkinga enkulu ekuthunyelweni kwezinto zikagesi nezingxenye ezidingekayo ekwenzeni ama-chip.

Umphumela Womlilo wakwaRenesas.Ikhredithi Yesithombe: BBC
Uma zonke izinkinga ezihlobene ne-COVID bezingenele, izinkinga zesimo sezulu ezihlukene zivimbe nokukhiqizwa.Imboni yaseJapan iRenesas, edala cishe u-⅓ wama-chips asetshenziswa ezimotweni, yonakaliswa kanzima ngomlilo ngoMashi 2021 futhi ukusebenza akuzange kubuyele kwesijwayelekile kwaze kwaba nguJulayi.Iziphepho zasebusika eTexas ekupheleni kuka-2020 zaphoqa ezinye zezitshalo zase-America ezazivele zincane ukuthi zimise ukukhiqizwa.Okokugcina, isomiso esinzima e-Taiwan ekuqaleni kuka-2021, izwe elihamba phambili ekukhiqizeni ama-chips, labangela ukukhiqizwa kwehle njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip kudinga amanzi amaningi.

Ukushoda kukuthinta kanjani?

Inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yabathengi equkethe ama-semiconductor chips asetshenziswa nsuku zonke lenza ubukhali bokushoda bucace.Izintengo zedivayisi zizokhuphuka futhi eminye imikhiqizo izobambezeleka.Kunezilinganiso zokuthi i-US Manufacturers izokwenza okungenani izimoto ezi-1.5 kuya kwezi-5 million ezimbalwa kulo nyaka.Isibonelo nje, abakwaNissan bamemezele ukuthi bazokwehlisa izimoto ezingu-500 000 ngenxa yokushoda kwama-chip.IGeneral Motors yaze yavala okwesikhashana zonke izitshalo zayo ezintathu zaseNyakatho Melika ekuqaleni kuka-2021, yapaka izinkulungwane zezimoto eziqediwe ngaphandle kwama-chips azo adingekayo.

IGeneral Motors ivaliwe ngenxa yokushoda kwe-semiconductor
Ikhredithi Yesithombe: GM
Izinkampani zama-elekthronikhi zabathengi zaqoqa ama-chips ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane ngenxa yokuqapha.Kodwa-ke, ngoJulayi i-CEO ye-Apple u-Tim Cook umemezele ukuthi ukushoda kwe-chip cishe kuzobambezela ukukhiqizwa kwe-iPhone futhi sekube nomthelela ekuthengisweni kwama-iPads nama-Mac.AbakwaSony ngokufanayo bavumile ukuthi abakwazi ukuhambisana nesidingo se-PS5 entsha.
Izinto zasendlini ezinjengama-microwave, imishini yokuwasha izitsha, nemishini yokuwasha sekunzima ukuyithenga.Izinkampani eziningi zasendlini ezifana ne-Electrolux azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sayo yonke imikhiqizo yazo.Izinto zikagesi zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile njengezinsimbi zeminyango zevidiyo nazo zisengozini.
Njengoba isikhathi samaholide siseduze, kunesixwayiso sokuthi singalindeli inhlobonhlobo yezinketho ze-elekthronikhi esizijwayele eminyakeni evamile—izixwayiso “ezingasekho” zingase zande kakhulu.Kukhona isifiso sokuhlela kusengaphambili futhi ungalindeli uku-oda nokwamukela imikhiqizo ngokushesha.

Liyini ikusasa lokushoda?

Kukhona ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe ngokushoda kwe-semiconductor.Okokuqala nje, ukuvalwa kwe-COVID-19 kwamafekthri kanye nokushoda kwabasebenzi sekuqala ukudamba.Izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-TSMC kanye ne-Samsung nazo zithembise izigidigidi zamaRandi ndawonye ukutshala amandla ochungechungeni lokunikezela kanye nezikhuthazo zabakhi bama-chip.
Ukuqaphela okukhulu kulokhu kushoda iqiniso lokuthi kumele kube nokuncipha kokuthembela eTaiwan naseSouth Korea.Njengamanje, iMelika yenza cishe i-10% kuphela yama-chips ewasebenzisayo, ikhulisa izindleko zokuthumela kanye nesikhathi ngama-chips avela phesheya.Ukubhekana nalolu daba, uJoe Biden uthembise ukweseka umkhakha we-semiconductor ngomthethosivivinywa woxhaso lwezobuchwepheshe owethulwe ngoJuni onikezela ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-52 wokukhiqiza ama-chip aseMelika.I-Intel isebenzisa ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ezimbonini ezimbili ezintsha e-Arizona.Umkhiqizi we-semiconductor yezempi kanye ne-Space i-CAES ilindele ukwandisa abasebenzi bayo kakhulu ngonyaka ozayo, ngokugcizelela ekutholeni ama-chips ezitshalweni zase-US.
Lokhu kushoda kwethuse imboni kodwa kwaphinde kwayixwayisa ngezindaba ezizayo ngokukhula kwesidingo sezinto ezidinga ama-semiconductors amaningi njengezindlu ezihlakaniphile nezimoto zikagesi.Ngethemba ukuthi izolalela uhlobo lwesixwayiso embonini yokukhiqiza ama-chip, ivimbele izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo zalolu hlobo.
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwama-semiconductors, sakaza “Ama-Semiconductors emkhathini” Wanamuhla Womhlaba Wanamuhla ku-SCIGo kanye naku-Discovery GO.
Hlola Umhlaba Wokukhiqiza, futhi uthole isayensi elandela ama-roller coasters, okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokugaywa kabusha kwe-electronic, futhi ubambe amazwibela ngekusasa lezimayini.