Izintengo zama-chip ziyancishiswa, futhi ama-chips aphuza ukudayiswa.Iphimbo elibonakala lingenangqondo seliklanywe ngabantu abaningi kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yalo nyaka.Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2022, ngenxa yesidingo esintengayo emakethe ye-elekthronikhi yabathengi, imboni yama-chip yake yangenisa igagasi lokwehliswa kwamanani.Engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka, itulo laziphinda.
Muva nje, izindaba ze-CCTV zibike ukuthi njengengxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yokulawula i-elekthronikhi, i-chip ye-STMicroelectronics ibingomunye wemikhiqizo ye-chip edingeka kakhulu ngo-2021. Yehle cishe kuma-yuan angu-600, ukwehla okungama-80%.
Ngokuqondana nje, intengo yenye i-chip ngonyaka odlule yayihluke ngokuphindwe kashumi kulo nyaka.Intengo yama-chips iqhathaniswa neyengulube, ekhuphukayo futhi ewayo.Umehluko phakathi kwenani eliphakeme kakhulu nenani elijwayelekile langaphambilini udlulele ngokwedlulele.Kubikwa ukuthi abezindaba babike ukuthi i-STMicroelectronics chip yama-yuan angama-600 izoba nenani elijwayelekile lamashumi amayuan ngo-2020.
I-chip fever ibonakala idlulile.Ingabe ifu ebeligubuzele wonke umbuthano wobuchwepheshe ngonyaka odlule selizoshabalala?Ngokusho kwe-Bloomberg, iningi lezinkampani zama-chip okwamanje zikholelwa ukuthi kuzoba noshintsho olukhulu kule makethe eshisayo isikhathi eside esizayo, futhi abanye bakholelwa ngokungenathemba ukuthi imboni ye-semiconductor izoletha ukwehla okubi kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi.
Abambalwa bayajabula, abambalwa badabukile, futhi intengo ye-chip iyakhuphuka.Ngaphezu kokuthula kwale mboni, nginovalo lokuthi kunenqwaba yezimakethe embukisweni wemigubho.
Chip phansi, kodwa hhayi phansi ngokuphelele?
Ukukhuphuka kwezintengo zama-chip akunakuhlukaniswa nokwehla kokusetshenziswa kwezinto zikagesi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kungabonakala embikweni wakamuva wezezimali we-TSMC ukuthi ibhizinisi lama-smartphone, elake lasekela ingxenye yezwe, alisewona umthombo omkhulu wemali engenayo, futhi ingxenye yaleli bhizinisi kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokuncipha.Ukuthunyelwa kwama-smartphones nama-PC akukaze kube kuhle njengoJanuwari kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.Ngokusho kwedatha yeCINNO Research, engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2022, ukuthunyelwa kwetheminali ye-smartphone yaseChina ye-SoC bekucishe kube yizigidi eziyi-134, phansi cishe ngo-16.9% unyaka nonyaka.
Ngokuqondene nohlangothi lwe-PC, ngokwenkampani yocwaningo lwemakethe i-Mercury Research, engxenyeni yesibili yalo nyaka, ukuthunyelwa kwe-desktop processor processor kwehle kwafika ezingeni eliphansi cishe eminyakeni engama-30, futhi ukuthunyelwa okuphelele kwamaphrosesa kubhekane nokwehla okukhulu kakhulu konyaka nonyaka kusukela. 1984. Ukuthengiswa kwama-smartphone eSouth Korea kwehle ngo-29.2% unyaka nonyaka ngoJulayi, kuyilapho ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamakhompiyutha nemishini eyisiza kwehla ngo-21.9%, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwama-memory chips kuholele ukwehla ngokuncipha ngo-13.5%.
Isidingo esikhuphuka nomfula siyehla, umfula uyaqhubeka nokunciphisa ama-oda, futhi intengo iyaphola ngokwemvelo
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lawa ma-chips anamanani ancishisiwe awanawo umthelela ojwayelekile ohlobene nayo yonke imboni ye-semiconductor.Ingabe i-chip yehlile ngempela intengo?Ngaphansi kwezindaba "zokwehla", kusekhona abakhiqizi abafaka imali ekuthambekeni futhi bamemezele ukwenyuka kwamanani.Isibonelo, i-Intel, i-Qualcomm, i-Meiman Electronics, i-Broadcom, njll. bahlela ukunyusa amanani eminye yemikhiqizo yabo ye-chip.
Sithatha i-Intel njengesibonelo, ngokusho kukaNikkei, i-Intel yazise amakhasimende ukuthi intengo yemikhiqizo ye-semiconductor izokhuphuka engxenyeni yesibili ka-2022. kanye nama-peripheral chips.Kuye ngohlobo, okuphansi kunawo wonke kuyidijithi eyodwa, futhi ukwanda okukhulu kungase kufinyelele ku-10% kuya ku-20%.
Ingabe i-chip iyakhuphuka noma cha?Kungashiwo ukuthi intengo yama-chips e-electronics abathengi yehle ngokuzumayo ngenxa yokwehla kwesidingo, kodwa isidingo sama-MCU kwezinye izinkambu zezicelo, njengezimoto nokulawulwa kwezimboni, kuholele emananini aphezulu ama-chips ahlobene.Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuthunyelwa komakhalekhukhwini okungajwayelekile, ikusasa lemboni yama-chip libhalwe ngokuthakazelisayo njengokudayiswa kancane, kodwa empeleni,ukushoda kwama-chip kwezinye izimboni akukakapheli.
Ikakhulukazi kuma-chips ezimoto, idatha evela ku-2022 China Nansha International Integrated Circuit Industry Forum ibonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yamanje yama-chip ingahlangabezana kuphela no-31% wezidingo zabakhi bezimoto ngokwesilinganiso.Imininingwane enikezwe enyangeni eyokuthi i-GAC ibhekane nokushoda kwama-chips angama-33,000 ngekota yesibili.
Imboni entsha yamandla ihamba kahle, futhi isidingo sama-chips esikhathini esizayo akufanele sithathwe kancane.Kubikwa ukuthi imoto ejwayelekile idinga ukusebenzisa ama-chips angu-500, kanti izimoto ezintsha ezinamandla zithwala ama-chips amaningi.Ngonyaka odlule, izimoto ezidayisiwe emhlabeni bezilinganiselwa ku-81.05 million, okusho ukuthi yonke imboni yezimoto idinga ama-chips angu-40.5 billion.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chips asezingeni eliphezulu asephezulu ngaphezu kwe-altare lemakethe.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo sama-chips anobuchwepheshe benqubo ethuthukisiwe ochungechungeni lwemboni ekhuphuka nomfula asikaze sehle.Phambilini kwabikwa ukuthi ama-chips e-TSMC e-3nm azokhiqizwa ngobuningi ngoSepthemba, futhi i-Apple izoba yikhasimende lokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-chips e-TSMC angu-3nm.
Kubikwa ukuthi ngonyaka ozayo, okuhlanganisa iprosesa entsha ye-A17 kanye ne-M3 series processors, i-Apple izosebenzisa i-TSMC's 3nm.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukushoda kwemishini ye-semiconductor ye-high-process, futhi ukukhishwa kwezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe ze-3nm kanye ne-2nm kuhloswe ukuba kube phansi, futhi kungase kube negebe lokuhlinzeka lika-10% kuya ku-20% ngo-2024-2025.
Ngenxa yalokho, intengo mancane amathuba okuthi yehle.Izimpawu ezahlukahlukene zisitshela ukuthi ama-chips awela ngokulandelana, futhi le mboni isekude ekubeni ibe lula njengoba ibonakala.
Ama-chips omthengi awamukeleki?
Olunye uhlangothi lwafa, kanti olunye lwaluchuma.
Ama-chips e-Consumer electronics adlule esikhathini esihle kakhulu kule minyaka emibili edlule.Ngokuncipha kwezinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-elekthronikhi, ekugcineni baye behla e-altare.Njengamanje, izinkampani eziningi zama-chip zimatasa zishintsha amabhizinisi azo, kusukela kubathengi kuya emikhakheni yezimoto nezobunjiniyela.I-TSMC ifake ohlwini imakethe yezimoto njengephrojekthi ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.Kubikwa ukuthi ngasohlangothini lwezwekazi, ibhizinisi lezimoto labadlali basekhaya be-MCU abanjengoZhaoyi Innovation, Zhongying Electronics, kanye ne-China Micro Semiconductor nalo liya liba sobala kakhulu.
Ngokukhethekile, umkhiqizo we-MCU wezinga lemoto lokuqala lika-Zhaoyi ungene esigabeni sokuhlola isampula yamakhasimende ngoMashi, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi uzuze ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kulo nyaka;I-Zhongying Electronics isetshenziswa kakhulu engxenyeni yokulawula umzimba ye-MCU, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi iqoshwe maphakathi nonyaka.Emuva;I-China Microelectronics ikhombise ukuzimisela kwayo ukuthuthukisa ama-chips ebanga lezimoto ku-prospectus yayo.I-IPO yayo ihlela ukuqongelela ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-729, okuzosetshenziswa ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-283 ukwenza ucwaningo lwe-chip yezinga lezimoto kanye namaphrojekthi wokuthuthukisa.
Kuyaqondakala lokhu.Phela, izinga lokwenziwa kwasendaweni lama-chips ekhompyutha yezimoto ezifuywayo kanye nokulawula lingaphansi kuka-1%, izinga lendawo yezinzwa lingaphansi kuka-4%, futhi amazinga okwenziwa kwasendaweni kwama-semiconductors amandla, inkumbulo, nokuxhumana angu-8%, 8%, futhi 3%, ngokulandelana.Ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezintsha zasekhaya kuyanda, futhi yonke i-smart ecosystem, okuhlanganisa ukushayela okuzihambelayo, nayo izosebenzisa ama-semiconductors amaningi esikhathini esizayo.
Futhi kuzoba nzima kangakanani ukuqhubeka nokunamathela kuma-chips abathengi?
Ngaphambilini, kubikwe ukuthi abakwaSamsung bakumise okwesikhashana ukuthengwa kwawo wonke amayunithi ebhizinisi okuhlanganisa amaphaneli, omakhalekhukhwini nama-memory chips, futhi ngisho nabakhiqizi abaningi benkumbulo baseKorea bazothatha isinyathelo sokwehlisa amanani ngaphezu kuka-5% ukuze badayise.I-Nuvoton Technology, egxile ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi, iphinde yabona ukwanda kwenzuzo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-5.5 ngonyaka odlule, ngenzuzo ephelele ye-NT $ 7.27 ngesabelo ngasinye.Ngo-Ephreli nangoMeyi kulo nyaka, ukusebenza kwaba phansi, imali engenayo yehle ngo-2.18% no-3.04% ngokulandelana.
Umuntu angase angachazi okuningi, kodwa idatha ye-Wind ibonisa ukuthi kusukela ngoMeyi 9, izinkampani ze-semiconductor ze-126 emhlabeni jikelele zimemezele imibiko yazo yezezimali ngekota yokuqala ka-2022, okuyi-16 yazo eye yabhekana nokwehla konyaka ngonyaka enzuzweni yonke noma. ngisho nokulahlekelwa.Ama-chips abathengi aphelelwa umusa ngokushesha, futhi izimoto nokulawulwa kwezimboni sekuyindawo elandelayo yokufuna inzuzo emakethe yama-chip.
Kodwa ingabe izinto zilula njengoba zibonakala?
Ikakhulukazi kwabanye abakhiqizi bama-chip basekhaya, ukusuka endaweni ye-elekthronikhi yabathengi ukuya endaweni yezimoto kungaphezu kwalokho okungakunqunywa ukushisa kwemakethe.Okokuqala, ama-chips afuywayo kufanele abe nomfula, futhi insimu yokusetshenziswa iqala kuqala, ibalwa ngama-27%.Ngisho noma ubheka umhlaba, imakethe yasekhaya nayo iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke ye-semiconductor.Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2021, ukuthengiswa kwe-semiconductor emakethe yezwe laseChina kuzofinyelela ku-US $ 29.62 billion, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngonyaka ngama-58%.Imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ye-semiconductor, ibalwa ku-28.9% wesamba sokuthengiswa kwe-semiconductor emhlabeni..
Okwesibili, imboni ye-chip ngokwayo inemikhawulo yenzuzo eyengeziwe emkhakheni wama-smartphones kanye ne-5G.Sithatha i-TSMC njengesibonelo,
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-TSMC kubala u-70% wemakethe yezimoto ye-MCU, kodwa ngedatha yemali engenayo yango-2020, umnikelo wama-chips ezimoto wenza kuphela u-3.31%.Ngo-Q1 2022, ama-smartphones e-TSMC kanye nezinkambu zekhompiyutha ezisebenza kahle zizobalelwa ku-40% no-41% wemali engenayo, ngokulandelana, kuyilapho i-IoT, eyezimoto, i-DCE, nezinye zizobalelwa ku-8%, 5%, 3%, kanye no-3 kuphela. %, ngokulandelana.
Isidingo sincane, kodwa inzuzo isekhona, futhi kuyindida.Lokhu cishe kuyinto enzima kakhulu emakethe ye-semiconductor.
Ngemuva kwe-boom, i-carnival yabathengi?
Lapho intengo yama-chips ishintshashintsha, abathengi yibo abajabula kakhulu.Omakhalekhukhwini, izimoto kanye nezinto zikagesi zasendlini ezihlakaniphile seziphenduke izindawo ezihlale zilindelwe ngabathengi ngemuva kokwehliswa kwentengo yama-chip, ikakhulukazi omakhalekhukhwini.Akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani kuqubuke intengo ye-chip, abanye abantu bamemeza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana bethenga omakhalekhukhwini ukuze benze imali engxenyeni yesibili yalo nyaka.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, intengo yamandla amasha, intengo yemikhiqizo kagesi, intengo yezinto zikagesi zasendlini… nokunye kwafika ngokulandelana.Kodwa-ke, awukho umkhuba ocacile wokuthi kuzoba nokwehliswa kwentengo okuhambisanayo yini ochungechungeni lomkhiqizo, kodwa uma sikhuluma ngokungagwegwesi, leli gagasi lokwehliswa kwentengo ye-chip ngeke libangele ukwehliswa kwamanani okusabalele emakethe yabathengi.
Ake siqale sibheke inkambu yamaselula enethonya kakhulu.Eminyakeni yamuva, abakhiqizi bezingcingo eziphathwayo bebelokhu benyusa amanani ngokunganqamuki.I-low-end ithule, i-high-end iyagubha, futhi kungenzeka ukunciphisa intengo okwesikhashana kuphansi kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inzuzo enkulu yabakhiqizi bezingcingo eziphathwayo basekhaya ayizange ibe phezulu.Ngaphambilini, eNgqungqutheleni Yonjiniyela weHuawei, u-Yang Haisong, iphini likamongameli womnyango wesofthiwe yebhizinisi labathengi bakwaHuawei, uthe inzuzo yabakhiqizi bezingcingo zaseShayina impofu, futhi isabelo semakethe yomakhalekhukhwini wasekhaya singaphezu kwesigamu, kodwa kuphela mayelana ne-10%.inzuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chips awile ngempela, kodwa izintengo zezinye izingxenye azihloniphi kangako, njengezinzwa nezikrini.Amamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu aya ngokuya eba yinsakavukela, futhi abakhiqizi bamaselula banezidingo eziqinile ngokwemvelo ochungechungeni lokunikezela.Kubikwa ukuthi i-OPPO, i-Xiaomi Yake yenza ngokwezifiso izinzwa ezikhethekile kwaSony naku-Samsung.
Ngenxa yalokho, intengo yomakhalekhukhwini ayinyuki, okuyisibusiso kubathengi.
Uma sibheka amandla amasha, ama-chips ajwayelekile anciphise amanani kulokhu awekho emkhakheni wokukhiqiza izimoto.Ngaphezu kwalokho, engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka, ukukhuphuka kwentengo yemibuthano yokukhiqiza izimoto zamandla amasha akuzange kube yisicaba, futhi kukhuphuke ngokuphindaphindiwe.Izizathu ngemuva kwakho akuzona zonke ezibangelwa ama-chips.inhlekelele.Amanani entengo yezinto eziyinqwaba ayenyuka, futhi amanani entengo ye-nickel, insimbi, ne-aluminium, kuhlanganise nama-electrode aqondile noma angalungile, ehla enyuka kuphela, futhi izindleko zamabhethri zisalokhu ziphezulu.Ngokusobala, lezi zici azinakubekwa icala kuma-chips kuphela.
Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukubona ukugeleza kwe-chip embuthanweni wokukhiqiza imoto.Kusukela kulo nyaka, amanani entengo ama-LED ama-light-emitting chips nama-driver chips ehle ngo-30% -40%, okungangabazeki ukuthi azodlala indima ethile ekunciphiseni izindleko zezimoto ezilandelayo zabanikazi bezimoto..
Ngokungeziwe kuma-smartphones, ama-chips abathengi anomthelela omkhulu kumadivayisi ahlakaniphile asekhaya njengama-air conditioner namafriji.Isidingo sama-MCU sezimpahla ezintathu ezinkulu ezimhlophe e-China asiphansi ngempela, sikhuphuka sisuka ezigidini ezingama-570 ngo-2017 saya ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-700 ngo-2022, lapho i-MCU ye-air conditioning ekhanyayo ibalelwa ngaphezu kwama-60%.
Kodwa-ke, ama-chips asetshenziswa emkhakheni wasekhaya ohlakaniphile empeleni ama-chips anezinga eliphansi anezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezibuyela emuva, eziphikisana kakhulu nezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokukhiqiza ezifana ne-3nm ne-7nm, ngokuvamile ephakeme kuno-28nm noma 45nm.Uyazi, lawa ma-chips awekho phezulu ngentengo yeyunithi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo okuphansi kobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza okubanzi.
Ezinkampanini ezisebenza ekhaya, ubuchwepheshe obuphansi busho ukuthi zingakwazi ukufeza ukuzimela.Ngo-2017, umnyango we-microelectronics we-Gre wasungulwa;ngo-2018, u-Konka umemezele ukusungulwa okusemthethweni kwesigaba se-semiconductor technology;ngo-2018, iMidea yamemezela ukungena kwayo ekukhiqizeni ama-chip futhi yasungula i-Meiren Semiconductor Company.NgoJanuwari 2021, kwasungulwa i-Meiken Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd.Njengamanje, isilinganiso sonyaka sokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yama-chips e-MCU cishe siyizigidi eziyi-10.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, izinkampani eziningi zendabuko zasekhaya, okuhlanganisa i-TCL, i-Konka, i-Skyworth, ne-Haier, sezivele zisebenzile emkhakheni we-semiconductor.Ngamanye amazwi, le nkambu ayikhawulelwe ama-chips nhlobo.
Phansi, noma hhayi phansi?Lokhu kuncishiswa kwentengo ye-chip kufana nokudutshulwa okungamanga, futhi abakhiqizi abakhuphuka nomfula abajabule okwamanje, ingasaphathwa eyebathengi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-23-2022